Managing access to digital content sources

ABSTRACT

Access to content may be enabled by receiving an instruction indicating a client request to access content, accessing a list of content sources capable of rendering the content for which access is requested by the client, determining a performance metric for at least two of the content sources, and selecting among the content sources based on the performance metric to identify a content source to be accessed by the client.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No.60/496,386, filed Aug. 20, 2003, and titled “Managing Access to DigitalContent Sources,” which application is incorporated by reference in itsentirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This document relates to managing access to digital content sources.

BACKGROUND

Digital content is distributed on a wide variety of devices and in awide variety of formats. Digital content frequently includes one or moreof movies, music, slides, games and other forms of electronic content.

SUMMARY

In one general sense, access to content may be enabled by receiving aninstruction indicating a client request to access content, accessing alist of content sources capable of rendering the content for whichaccess is requested by the client, determining a performance metric forat least two of the content sources, and selecting among the contentsources based on the performance metric to identify a content source tobe accessed by the client.

Implementations may include one or more of the following features. Forexample, the content source selected may be accessed. Communicationsexchanged with the content source selected may be monitored to determinea selected connection state to determine whether an alternate contentsource should be accessed.

The determining and selecting may be repeated when the selectedconnection state indicates that the alternate content source should beaccessed. The state of content sources not selected from within the listof content sources may be monitored so that the alternate content sourcemay be accessed when the connection state indicates that the alternatecontent source should be accessed. Receiving the list of content sourcesmay include receiving the list of content sources from a host. Receivingthe list of content sources may include receiving the list of contentsources in response to authenticating. Determining the performancemetric may include polling at least two of the content sources with apolling request. Polling the content sources with the polling requestmay include transmitting a stream request to each of the content sourcesin the list of content sources.

Determining the performance metric may include identifying a firstcontent source with a response to the polling request that is receivedbefore other responses are received from other content sources in thelist of content sources. Determining a performance metric may includeidentifying a first client able to sustain an identified throughput rateor identifying a content source with a highest throughput rate.Identifying the first client able to sustain the identified throughputrate may include identifying the first client able to sustain theidentified throughput rate for a specified duration. Determining theperformance metric may include ranking at least two content sources. Theranking may be used to select a backup content source when the contentsource selected experiences an interrupt condition. A relative rankingmay be maintained by transmitting subsequent polling requests to thecontent sources not selected. A connection to one or more contentsources not selected from among the list of content sources may bemaintained while accessing the content source selected. One of thecontent sources not selected may be selected when access to the contentsource selected is determined to be inferior to access available usingthe content source that is accessed.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary communications systemconfigured to enable a client to use a network to access one of severalcontent sources in accessing content.

FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary process by which aclient accesses one of several available content sources capable ofdelivering requested content.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary process by which aclient may interface with multiple duplicating switches to access astream of content.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary process by which aclient may respond to an interrupt condition that occurs while accessinga stream.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary process by which aclient may transition to an alternate duplicating switch when the clientdetermines that another duplicating switch may provide betterperformance than a selected duplicating switch.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A content provider desires to provide their customers with thebest-possible user experience. One factor in providing the best userexperience is presenting material in a relatively quick manner withoutsuffering interruption. While a content provider may seek to providehigh performance without interruption by encoding content at anappropriate rate and by positioning its content sources logicallyproximate to its users, the best efforts of the content source may beundermined by other sources of difficulties that challenge the contentprovider in providing the best-possible user experience. For example, itmay be difficult for the content provider to account for or react toadverse network conditions occurring between the content source and theclient device. Put differently, the content source may not understandhow the communications system operates from the client perspective. Forthis and/or other reasons, a better user experience may be provided byenabling the client to determine and operate in a manner to realize thebest user experience.

In one implementation of this approach, a client may respond to aninstruction or a user-inspired request by requesting access to orselecting among one or more content sources. The client may access alist of content sources capable of rendering the content for whichaccess is requested, poll at least two of the content sources with apolling request, and identify a performance metric for the at least twocontent sources. Based on the performance metric, the client may selectamong the content sources to identify a primary content source (e.g.,generally the best content source from among those identified) to beaccessed by the client. The client then may access the primary contentsource, and subsequently may access one or more of the backup contentsources.

Applying this implementation to video streams, a client requestingaccess to a video stream initially retrieves a list of streaming serversfrom a management device. The client then may request the video streamfrom each of the streaming servers, which respond to the requests bytransmitting the stream to the client.

As a result of transmitting the streaming request to multiple devices,the client will likely receive multiple instances of the same requestedstream at different moments in time. The times at which the streams arereceived may vary by milliseconds. Irrespective of the variation, theclient may identify the streaming server that responds first as thestreaming server to provide the content, ultimately disconnecting fromthe other streaming servers.

In other implementations, the client may maintain relative performancemetrics between the streaming servers by continually polling thenonselected streaming servers. The client may transition to a differentstreaming server when the relative performance metrics indicate that adifferent streaming server would provide a better user experience. Aspart of the monitoring, the user may maintain alternate networkconnections to other streaming servers and use the alternate connectionswhen access to the selected streaming server becomes problematic.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary communications network 100configured to enable a client 110 to use a network 120 to select one ofseveral content sources (e.g., from a group that includes content source130A, content source 130B, and duplicating switch 130C). Generally, theclient 110 is configured to select a preferred content source from alist of content sources (e.g., a list of addresses with addressinformation for content sources 130A, 130B, and duplicating switch130C). Specifically, the client 110 polls the content sources with apolling request, and identifies a performance metric for at least one ofthe content sources. The performance metric then is used to select oneof the content sources.

The client 110 typically includes a computing device enabling a user toexchange information over a communications network. The client 110 mayinclude one or more devices capable of accessing content residing oncontent sources 130A, 130B, and duplicating switch 130C. The client 110may include a controller (not shown) that processes instructionsreceived from or generated by a software application, a program, a pieceof code, a device, a computer, a computer system, or a combinationthereof, which independently or collectively direct operations of theclient 110. The instructions may be embodied permanently or temporarilyin any type of machine, component, equipment, storage medium, orpropagated signal that is capable of being delivered to the client 110or that may reside with the controller at client 110. Client 110 mayinclude a general-purpose computer (e.g., a personal computer (PC))capable of responding to and executing instructions in a defined manner,a workstation, a notebook computer, a PDA (“Personal DigitalAssistant”), a wireless phone, a component, other equipment, or somecombination of these items that is capable of responding to andexecuting instructions.

In one implementation, the client 110 includes one or more informationretrieval software applications (e.g., a browser, a mail application, aninstant messaging client, an Internet service provider client, or an AOLTV or other integrated client) capable of receiving one or more dataunits. The information retrieval applications may run on ageneral-purpose operating system and a hardware platform that includes ageneral-purpose processor and specialized hardware for graphics,communications and/or other capabilities. In another implementation,client 110 may include a wireless telephone running a micro-browserapplication on a reduced operating system with general purpose andspecialized hardware capable of operating in mobile environments.

The client 110 may include one or more media applications. For example,the client 110 may include a software application that enables theclient 110 to receive and display an audio or video data stream. Themedia applications may include controls that enable a user to configurethe user's media environment. For example, if the media application isreceiving an Internet radio station, the media application may includecontrols that enable the user to select an Internet radio station, forexample, through the use of “preset” icons indicating the station genre(e.g., country) or a favorite.

The network 120 typically includes hardware and/or software capable ofenabling direct or indirect communications between the client 110 andcontent sources 130A, 130B, and duplicating switch 130C. As such, thenetwork 120 may include a direct link between the client 110 and contentsources 130A, 130B, and duplicating switch 130C, or it may include oneor more networks or subnetworks between them (not shown). Each networkor subnetwork may include, for example, a wired or wireless data pathwaycapable of carrying and receiving data. Examples of the delivery networkinclude the Internet, the World Wide Web, a WAN (“Wide Area Network”), aLAN (“Local Area Network”), analog or digital wired and wirelesstelephone networks, radio, television, cable, satellite, and/or anyother delivery mechanism for carrying data.

Content sources 130A, 130B, and duplicating switch 130C generallyinclude one or more devices configured to distribute digital content.Typically, a content source includes a collection or library of contentfor distribution. Alternatively, or in addition, the content source mayconvert a media source (e.g., a video or audio feed) into a first feedof data units for transmission across the network 120. The contentsource may include a general-purpose computer having a central processorunit (CPU), and memory/storage devices that store data and variousprograms such as an operating system and one or more applicationprograms. Other examples of a content source include a workstation, aserver, a special purpose device or component, a broadcast system, otherequipment, or some combination thereof capable of responding to andexecuting instructions in a defined manner. The content source also mayinclude an input/output (I/O) device (e.g., video and audio input andconversion capability), and peripheral equipment such as acommunications card or device (e.g., a modem or a network adapter) forexchanging data with the network 120.

Content sources 130A, 130B, and duplicating switch 130C are generallycapable of executing instructions under the command of a controller(shown for content source 130B as controller 135B). The content sourcestypically are similar in that each of the content sources in the groupthat includes content sources 130A, 130B, and duplicating switch 130Cmay be used to provide content to the client 110. For illustrativepurposes, the operation of content sources 130A, 130B, and duplicatingswitch 130C will be described with respect to content source 130A. Thus,aspects of the description of content source 130A may be applicable todescription of content sources 130B and duplicating switch 130C. A groupof content sources is shown to illustrate that the client 110 mayinterface with several content sources in selecting one of the contentsources. While the content sources may include similar or even identicalcomponents, applications, data, and configuration information, contentsources 130A, 130B, and duplicating switch 130C need not be identical.

The controller 135B may be implemented by a software application loadedon the content source 130A for commanding and directing communicationsexchanged with the client 110. Other examples of the controller 135Binclude a program, a piece of code, an instruction, a device, acomputer, a computer system, or a combination thereof, for independentlyor collectively instructing the client 110 or the content source 130A tointeract and operate as described. The content source 130A may beembodied permanently or temporarily in any type of machine, component,physical or virtual equipment, storage medium, or propagated signalcapable of providing instructions to the client 110 or the contentsource 130A.

The content source may include a duplicating switch 135C. Generally, aduplicating switch 135C includes a device that performs networkoperations and functions in hardware (e.g., in a chip or part of chip).In some implementations, the duplicating switch 135C may include an ASIC(“Application Specific Integrated Circuit”) implementing networkoperations logic directly on a chip (e.g., logical gates fabricated on asilicon wafer and then manufactured into a chip). For example, an ASICchip may perform filtering by receiving a packet, examining the IPaddress of the received packet, and filtering based on the IP address byimplementing a logical gate structure in silicon.

Implementations of the device included in the duplicating switch 135Cmay employ a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). A FPGA is generallydefined as including a chip or chips fabricated to allow a third partydesigner to implement a variety of logical designs on the chip. Forexample, a third party designer may load a FPGA with a design to replacethe received IP addresses with different IP addresses, or may load theFPGA with a design to segment and reassemble IP packets as they aremodified while being transmitted through different networks.

Implementations of the device included in the duplicating switch 135Calso may employ a network processor. A network processor is generallydefined to include a chip or chips that allow software to specify whichnetwork operations will be performed. A network processor may perform avariety of operations. One example of a network processor may includeseveral interconnected RISC (“Reduced Instruction Set Computer”)processors fabricated in a network processor chip. The network processorchip may implement software to change an IP address of an IP packet onsome of the RISC processors. Other RISC processors in the networkprocessor may implement software that monitors which terminals arereceiving an IP stream.

Although various examples of network operations were defined withrespect to the different devices, each of the devices tends to beprogrammable and capable of performing the operations of the otherdevices. For example, the FPGA device is described as the device used toreplace IP addresses and segment and reassemble packets. However, anetwork processor and ASIC are generally capable of performing the sameoperations.

Referring to FIG. 2, a flow chart 200 illustrates an exemplary processby which a client 110 accesses a content source by selecting one ofseveral available content sources. The systems shown in FIG. 2 relate tothe systems described previously with respect to FIG. 1. Generally, aclient 110 receives an instruction indicating that the client 110 isaccessing a content source, a list of content sources is received, thecontent sources in the list are polled, a performance metric for atleast one of the content sources is identified/determined, and one ofthe content sources is selected, based on the performance metricsidentified/determined.

More specifically, the client 110 receives a list of content sources inresponse to requesting access to a stream (210). Receiving the list ofcontent sources may include polling a management device to receive toreceive a list of streaming devices operable to support the client 110.In one example, the client 110 updates the list of content sources whenthe client is authenticated. In another example, the list of contentsources is updated when a media player application is launched. In yetanother example, the list of content sources may be staticallyconfigured.

The client 110 polls the list of content sources (220) by, e.g.,transmitting a stream request to multiple content sources, ortransmitting a PING (“Packet Internet Gopher”) or system status requestto identify of a content source.

Content sources 130A, 130B, and 130C receive the polling request (230A,230B, and 230C), and respond to the polling request (240A, 240B, and240C). In one example, responding to the polling request may beperformed automatically in response to receiving the polling request.For example, a server may automatically respond to a PING bytransmitting a PING response, or a HTTP (“Hyper Text Transfer Protocol”)request by establishing a TCP (“Transport Control Protocol”) connectionto exchange a web page. In another example, responding to a pollingrequest may include ascertaining a state for the content source. Thus,the content source may determine that the content source is operating at80% capacity. The client 110 may use this information to select thecontent source operating at 80% capacity before selecting a contentsource operating at 100% capacity.

As is shown in the flow chart 200, the operations in FIG. 2 represent asequence of operations. In one sense, the flow chart 200 may represent atimeline indicating the relative instant in which the operations shownare performed. For example, as is shown by the cascaded structure,content source 130A receives the polling request before content source130B, which in turn receives the polling request before content source130C. Similarly, content source 130A responds to the polling requestbefore content source 130B, which in turn responds to the pollingrequest before content source 130C. The different communications may beexchanged and the different operations may be performed at differenttimes for a number of reasons. In one example, a network link may beoperating at an excessive level of utilization, resulting in a longertime required to exchange a packet across the network link. In a secondexample, a first content source may be located a further distance awaythan a second content source. The distance may be an actual distance, orthe distance may be a network/logical distance (e.g., the number ofnetwork hops, or the network cost between the source and destination).In a third example, the difference in time received/performed may relateto a different utilization and capacity at which the content source isoperating.

In any event, regardless of the source of the timing disparity, theclient initially receives a response, presumably from all three contentsources, and in the example of FIG. 2, from content source 130A (250A),followed by content source 130B (250B), and then content source 130C(250C).

As a result of receiving the responses, the client 110 identifies aperformance metric (260), which may include identifying the firstcontent source to respond, identifying the content source with thehighest throughput rate, and/or identifying the content source operatingat the lowest utilization.

To illustrate, exemplary performance metrics and selection processeswill be used to illustrate how different performance metrics andselection algorithms cause the client to select a different contentsource. For example, the client 110 may request content from the threecontent sources (content source 130A, content source 130B, and contentsource 130C). As is shown in FIG. 2, the content source 130A is thefirst content source to respond, followed by the content source 130B,and the content source 130C. Thus, a performance metric directed toidentifying the first-to-respond content source may generate arank-ordered list of content source indicating the order in whichresponses from the content sources were received. Alternatively, afirst-to-respond performance metric may record the elapsed time for acontent source to respond, or the elapsed time between generating arequest to access a content source and receiving the response. Thus, anexemplary performance metric for the content sources shown in FIG. 1 mayinclude a list that reads content source 130A (110 milliseconds),content source 130B (120 milliseconds), and content source 130C (130milliseconds).

Identifying the highest throughput rate also may be identified and usedas a performance metric. To use a throughput rate as a performancemetric, a client 110 may initially request content from multiple contentsources. The client 110 then downloads the requested content for aspecified duration and determines the throughput rate by dividing theamount of content downloaded by the elapsed time of the download. In oneimplementation, the content is downloaded as quickly as possible,without respect to the bit rate of the requested content where thecontent source does not regulate the bit rate of the content. In FIG. 2,using throughput rate as a performance metric may include determiningthat content source 130A has a throughput rate of 50 kilobits persecond, content source 130B has a throughput rate of 80 kilobits persecond, and content source 130C has a throughput rate of 60 kilobits persecond.

Additional variations on determining the throughput rate may bedetermined. For example, the client 110 may account for initialvariations associated with activating a communications session bymeasuring the performance metric once content has actually beenexchanged instead of requested, or after an initial period has expired(e.g., a connection setup time). Other variations may include usingstatistical process control techniques to eliminate abnormal variationsfrom the pool of data used to determine the throughput rate and/oridentifying the first content source to support a predeterminedsustained throughput.

Yet another performance metric may include determining utilization as aperformance metric. The performance metric may include network and/orprocessor utilization. For example, using network utilization as aperformance metric may include determining that an intermediary linkbetween a client 110 and a content source 130 is operating at 95%utilization, causing devices relying on the intermediary link toexperience difficulties. The 95% utilization may be compared againstother links operating at 50% utilization. At lower levels of networkutilization, the utilization for a particular link may be lesssignificant than the clock rate of the transmission (e.g., 100 Mbps).However, at higher utilizations or among links/paths of equivalentbandwidth, using the network utilization as a performance metric may bedeterminative. To determine network utilization, the client may identifyrouters along the path between the content source and the client 110.The client 110 then may poll the routers to determine the networkutilization for links along the path used by the client 110.

Measuring utilization as a performance metric also may include processorutilization. For example, a content source may be controlled by aprocessor that manages and responds to content requests, retrieves andserves content, and/or implements routing algorithms used by the contentsource. The client 110 may select the content source operating at alower level of utilization to reduce the likelihood of a content sourceoperating at or beyond its capacity, which in turn may cause a faultcondition, a failure, or interfere with a client's access. Thus, whenrequesting content from a content source, the client 110 may poll thecontent source to determine the processor utilization. Thus, the client110 may use performance metrics indicating that the content source 130Ais operating at 70% utilization; the content source 130B is operating at65% utilization; and the content source 130C is operating at 30%utilization. The utilization also may be measured with respect to therelative load a content source imposes on a client. For example, ifselecting a first content source requires less processor resources thana second content source, the first content source may be selected.

Using the previous performance metric examples, when the performancemetric is based upon the first-to-respond content source, the contentsource 130A is selected because the response from content source 130Awas received first in 110 milliseconds vs. 120 and 130 milliseconds forthe content sources 130B and 130C, respectively. When the performancemetric is based upon the throughput rate, the content source 130B isselected because the content source 130B supports a higher throughputrate of 80 kilobits/second vs. 50 and 60 kilobits/second for the contentsources 130A and 130C, respectively. When the performance metric isbased upon processor utilization, the content source 130C is selectedbecause the content source 130C is operating at 30% utilization vs. 70%and 65% for the content sources 130A and 130B, respectively.

These and other performance metric may be used in conjunction with otherperformance metrics to determine if the value for the performance metricis significant in light of other variables. For example, when contentsource 130A has a response time of 110 milliseconds relative to aresponse time of 120 milliseconds for content source 130B, the relativeresponse time may be deemed less important than the fact that thecost-per connection is twice as high for content source 130A.Accordingly, content source 130B may be selected under these conditionsand performance metrics.

Using the performance metric corresponding to first to respond, theclient 110 selects content source 130A (270). As a result, the client110 accesses the content source 130A (280), which in turn providescontent (290).

Referring to FIG. 3, a flow chart 300 illustrates an exemplary processby which a client 110 interfaces with multiple duplicating switches toaccess a stream of content. Generally, the systems and operations shownin FIG. 3 relate to the systems and operations described previously withrespect to FIGS. 1-2. Specifically, duplicating switches 301, 302, and303 are examples of content sources described as one implementation of acontent source. Flow chart 300 illustrates how a stream request may beused as the polling request and also how identifying the firstduplicating switch to respond may be used as the performance metric.

Initially, the client 110 receives a list of content sources (310). Theclient 110 requests an audio stream from duplicating switches appearingin the list of content sources (320). Duplicating switches 301, 302, and303 receive the audio stream request at different times in operations330A, 330B, and 330C. Receiving the audio stream request may includereceiving a stream and time code identifier indicating an audioselection to be accessed along with a track time indicating the temporallocation where the audio selection may be accessed. In response,duplicating switches 301, 302, and 303 transmit the audio stream atdifferent times in operations 340A, 340B, and 340C.

The client 110 initially receives the audio stream from duplicatingswitch 301 (350A), followed by duplicating switch 302 (350B), andfinally by duplicating switch 303 (350C). The client 110 identifiesduplicating switch 301 as the first duplicating switch to respond (360).As a result, duplicating switch 301 is selected (370). Note that theclient 110 may already be receiving and playing the audio stream fromduplicating switch 301 as a result of duplicating switch being the firstduplicating switch to respond. This may include “playing” or downloadingthe audio stream even before the response has been received from theother duplicating switches. In another example, selecting duplicatingswitch 301 may include completing the connection establishmentoperations so that the audio stream may be accessed.

The client 110 disconnects from the nonselected duplicating switches(380). Duplicating switches 301 and 302 receive the disconnect requestsin 390B and 390C, and disconnect from the client 110.

Referring to FIG. 4, a flow chart 400 is shown illustrating an exemplaryprocess by which a client 110 may respond to an interrupt condition thatoccurs while accessing a stream using the multiple content sourcesdescribed previously. The operations described previously in FIG. 2relate to how a content source in a group of several content sources maybe selected. The operations described in FIG. 3 illustrate howresponding first can be one performance metric used in identifying acontent source. FIG. 4 illustrates how even after a content source hasbeen selected, the operations previously performed and the previouslydetermined results may be used to identify one of several contentsources in the event of an interruption. Generally, the systems andoperations shown in FIG. 4 relate to the systems and operationsdescribed previously with respect to FIGS. 1-3. However, the flow chart400 illustrates how the client 110 may transition to nonselectedduplicating switches when the client monitors access to the stream anddetermines that an interrupt condition has occurred or will beoccurring.

Initially, duplicating switch 301 transmits a stream to the client(405), which in turn receives the stream (410). This may includeselecting duplicating switch 301 using the operations describedpreviously in FIGS. 2 and 3.

The client monitors access to the stream (415). Monitoring the streammay include determining that the client 110 is experiencing a faultcondition (e.g., a client or content source underrun), or that access toduplicating switch 310 has been severed. Generally, a client underrunindicates that the client is unable to receive the content due to afault in the network between the content source and the client, whilethe content source underrun indicates that the content source is unableto provide the content requested by the client. As a result ofmonitoring the stream, the client 110 determines that an interruptcondition has occurred (420). Note that determining that an interruptcondition has occurred may include detecting an interrupt conditionbefore a user perceives the interrupt condition. For example, the client110 may store 30 (“thirty”) seconds of content in a buffer that presentscontent even while network access to duplicating switch 301 has beeninterrupted.

As a result of the interrupt condition, the client 110 determines thatduplicating switch 301 cannot support the client 110 (425). As a result,the client 110 requests the status of the nonselected duplicatingswitches (430), which in turn receives the status requests at twodifferent times (435B and 435C). Duplicating switches 302 and 303respond to the status requests by transmitting the response to theclient 110 (440B and 440C). The client 110 initially receives the statusresponse from duplicating switch 302 (445), and then from duplicatingswitch 303 (450). The client 110 identifies duplicating switch 302 asthe first duplicating switch to respond (455), and selects duplicatingswitch 302 (460).

Duplicating switch 302 receives a connection request (465B) andtransmits the stream (470B). The client 110 receives the stream (475),and disconnects from duplicating switches 301 and 303 (480), which inturn receive the disconnect requests and disconnect (480A and 480C).

FIG. 5 is a flow chart 500 illustrating an exemplary process by which aclient 110 may transition to an alternate duplicating switch when theclient 110 determines that another duplicating switch may provide betterperformance or a better user experience than the selected duplicatingswitch. Generally, the systems and operations shown in flow chart 500relate to the systems and operations described previously with respectto FIG. 5.

Initially, duplicating switch 301 transmits a stream to the client 110(505), which in turn receives the stream (510). Duplicating switch 301may receive the stream as a result of performing the operationsdescribed previously with respect to FIGS. 2-4. The client 110 monitorsthe nonselected duplicating switches 302 and 303 (515). Duplicatingswitches 302 and 303 participate in the monitoring system. Monitoringthe nonselected duplicating switches may include maintaining aconnection with a management agent on the duplicating switches,transmitting PINGs to monitor device or network status, or transmittingstream requests to the duplicating switches. Alternatively, monitoringthe nonselected duplicating switches may include using the performancemetrics described previously (e.g., utilization, response times, andthroughput). As a result of the monitoring, the client 110 maintains arelative performance list (525). Maintaining the relative performancelist may include assessing the relative performance of the availableduplicating switches. To prepare for an interrupt condition, the client110 maintains a reserve connection to an alternate content source (530),which in this example is duplicating switch 302 (535). In one example,the reserve connection is maintained when duplicating switch 302 isidentified as the best-performing alternative. In one example,maintaining the alternate content source includes maintaining a networkconnection between the client 110 and duplicating switch 302. In anotherexample, maintaining the reserve connection includes intermittentlyexchanging a stream to confirm that the performance of the reserveconnection.

The client 110 determines that an interrupt condition has occurred(540), and determines that duplicating switch 301 cannot support theclient 110 (545). The client 110 then may use the alternate contentsource as the content source selected. Specifically, the reserveconnection to duplicating switch 303 is used to transmit the stream toclient 110 (555).

Other implementations are within the scope of the following claims. Forexample, other factors and variables may be used in identifying aperformance metric used to select a content source. For example, theclient 110 may be provided with a set of relative costs for the contentsources and/or the networks used to access the content sources. Theclient 110 then may use the relative costs in deciding which contentsource to select. For example, the client may initially identify thecontent sources sufficient to provide a quality user experience. Theclient then may select the content source associated with the lowestrelative cost. Of course, the relative costs need not be provided infinancial terms. For example, the cost may be provided as a relativenumerical value or score. The client 110 then may be allowed to selectthe content source associated with the lowest score that provides aquality user experience.

The content source need not provide identical content or streams. Forexample, in the endeavor to provide the best user experience, the clientmay poll different content sources with different content. Although theclient may prefer one of the content sources or streams as matching ademographic profile associated with a user of the client 110, the client110 may select a different content source with a slightly differentdemographic profile if the different content source provides a betteruser experience.

A detailed diagnostic history may be used to present a list of contentsources likely to provide better performance. For example, a client mayuse a reporting mechanism to indicate the performance of a contentsource and/or network while the content source was accessed. If the userexperienced better performance with a content source, the content sourcewill be favored as a preferred source for inclusion and/or selection insubsequent access. If the content source did not perform favorably, thecontent source may be removed from the list of content sources. Thereporting mechanism may use a scoring system deciding whether to favoror disfavor a content source. If a content source provides betterperformance at a specified favorable ratio, the content source maycontinue to be used even if the content source provides a poor userexperience. In another example, if the content source provides a pooruser experience of sufficient severity or frequency, the content sourcemay be removed from the list of content sources.

1. A method of enabling a client to access content, the methodcomprising: receiving, on a client, an instruction from a clientapplication indicating a client request to access content; accessing, bythe client application and on the client, a list of content sourcescapable of rendering the content for which access is requested by theclient; requesting, using the client application on the client,identical portions of the content from each of the content sources inthe list of the content sources; measuring a first performance metricfor a first content source of the content sources based on the identicalportion received from the first content source; measuring a secondperformance metric for a second content source of the content sourcesbased on the identical portion received from the second content source;comparing the first performance metric and the second performancemetric; selecting, using the client application on the client, among thecontent sources based on the comparison to identify a content source tobe accessed by the client; and rendering, using the client applicationon the client, the identical portion of the accessed content and asubsequent portion of content that follows the identical portion of theaccessed content from the selected content source.
 2. The method ofclaim 1 further comprising accessing the content source selected.
 3. Themethod of claim 1 further comprising monitoring communications exchangedwith the content source selected to determine a selected connectionstate to determine if an alternate content source should be accessed. 4.The method of claim 3 further comprising repeating the measuring andselecting when the selected connection state indicates that thealternate content source should be accessed.
 5. The method of claim 3further comprising monitoring the state of at least one of the contentsources not selected from within the list of content sources so that thealternate content source may be selected when the connection stateindicates the alternate content source should be accessed.
 6. The methodof claim 1 wherein receiving the list of content sources comprisesreceiving the list of content sources from a host.
 7. The method ofclaim 6 wherein the list of content sources is received in response toauthenticating.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein measuring the firstperformance metric and the second performance metric comprises pollingat least the first content source and the second content source with apolling request.
 9. The method of claim 8 wherein a polling comprisestransmitting a stream request to each of the content sources in the listof content sources.
 10. The method of claim 8 wherein measuring thefirst performance metric and the second performance metric comprisesidentifying the first content source with a response to the pollingrequest that is received before a response to the polling request fromthe second content source.
 11. The method of claim 1 wherein measuringthe first performance metric comprises that the first content source isable to sustain an identified throughput rate.
 12. The method of claim11 wherein identifying that the first content source is able to sustainthe identified throughput rate comprises identifying that the firstcontent source is able to sustain the identified throughput rate for aspecified duration.
 13. The method of claim 1 wherein measuring thefirst performance metric and the second performance metric comprisesidentifying the content source with a highest throughput rate.
 14. Themethod of claim 1 wherein measuring the first performance metric and thesecond performance metric comprises includes ranking at least the firstcontent source and the second content source.
 15. The method of claim 14further comprising using the ranking to select a backup content sourceto be accessed when the content source selected for access experiencesan interrupt condition.
 16. The method of claim 14 further comprisingmaintaining a relative ranking among at least two of the content sourcesnot selected by transmitting subsequent polling requests to the contentsources not selected.
 17. The method of claim 14 further comprisingestablishing and maintaining a connection to one or more of the contentsources not selected from among the list while accessing the contentsource selected.
 18. The method of claim 14 further comprising switchingto one of the content sources not selected from the list when access tothe content source selected is determined to be inferior to accessavailable using the content source that is accessed.
 19. A contentaccess system comprising: a client with a processor that comprises: acontent access code segment structured and arranged to receive aninstruction from a client application indicating a client request toaccess content; a source selection code segment structured and arrangedto: access, by the client application, a list of content sources capableof rendering the content for which access is requested by the client,and request, using the client application on the client, identicalportions of the content from each of the content sources in the list ofthe content sources; a measurement code segment structured and arrangedto (i) measure a first performance metric for a first content source ofthe content sources based on the identical onion received from the firstcontent source and (ii) measure a second performance metric for a secondcontent source of the content sources based on the identical portionreceived from the second content source; and a selection code segmentstructured and arranged to: compare the first performance metric and thesecond performance metric; select, using the client application on theclient, among the content sources based on the comparison to identify acontent source to be accessed by the client; and a rendering codesegment structured and arranged to render, using the client applicationon the client, the identical portion of the accessed content and asubsequent portion of content that follows the identical portion of theaccessed content from the selected content source.
 20. The contentaccess system of claim 19 further comprising a retrieval code segmentstructured and arranged to access the content source selected.
 21. Thecontent access system of claim 19 further comprising a first monitoringcode segment structured and arranged to monitor communications exchangedwith the content source selected to determine a selected connectionstate to determine if an alternate content source should be accessed.22. The content access system of claim 21 further comprising a repeatingcode segment structured and arranged to repeat measuring and selectingoperations when the selected connection state indicates that thealternate content source should be accessed.
 23. The content accesssystem of claim 21 further comprising a second monitoring code segmentstructured and arranged to monitor the state of at least one of thecontent sources not selected from within the list of content sources sothat the alternate content source may be selected when the connectionstate indicates the alternate content source should be accessed.
 24. Thecontent access system of claim 19 wherein the source selection codesegment is structured and arranged to receive the list of contentsources from a host.
 25. The content access system of claim 24 whereinthe source selection code segment is structured and arranged to receivethe list of content sources in response to authenticating.
 26. Thecontent access system of claim 19 further comprising a communicationsinterface structured and arranged to transmit a polling request to atleast two of the content sources in the list of content sources.
 27. Thecontent access system of claim 26 wherein the communications interfaceis structured and arranged to transmit a stream request to each of thecontent sources in the list of content sources.
 28. The content accesssystem of claim 26 wherein the measurement code segment is structuredand arranged to identify a content source from the list of contentsources whose response to a polling request is received before otherresponses from other content sources included in the list of contentsources.
 29. The content access system of claim 19 wherein themeasurement code segment is structured and arranged to identify acontent source from the list of content sources, able to sustain anidentified throughput rate.
 30. The content access system of claim 29wherein the measurement code segment is structured and arranged toidentify a content source from the list of content sources able tosustain the identified throughput rate for a specified duration.
 31. Thecontent access system of claim 19 wherein the measurement code segmentis structured and arranged to identify a content source from the list ofcontent sources with a highest throughput rate.
 32. The content accesssystem of claim 19 wherein the measurement code segment is structuredand arranged to rank at least two of the content sources.
 33. Thecontent access system of claim 32 wherein the measurement code segmentis structured and arranged to use the ranking to select a backup contentsource to be accessed when the content source selected for accessexperiences an interrupt condition.
 34. The content access system ofclaim 32 wherein the measurement code segment is structured and arrangedto maintain a relative ranking among at least two of the content sourcesnot selected by transmitting subsequent polling requests to the contentsources not selected.
 35. The content access system of claim 32 whereinthe communications interface is structured and arranged to maintain aconnection to one or more of the content sources not selected from amongthe list while accessing the content source selected.
 36. The contentaccess system of claim 32 wherein the communications interface isstructured and arranged to switch to one of the content sources notselected from the list when access to the content source selected isdetermined to be inferior to access available using the content sourcethat is accessed.